A new and innovative BMS concept that incorporates in-situ and in-operando EIS sensing combined with active cell switching for balancing at cell-level and sufficient computing power to execute in real-time a novel class of models/algorithms that:
Automatic model update based on improved sensor data:
-> Hardware-performance fully achieved.
Provide accurate knowledge-based and physics-inspired degradation models:
-> MAPE 1.6% achieved with hybrid aging model.
Demonstrate a lifetime extension of 20% at module level by cell balancing.
Validate reliable detection of cell failure across defined failure modes.
-> 100% TR detected for defined failure modes.